Sunglasses, They Make You Look Great!

Refractive eye surgery is very effective in rectifying visual refractive errors and decreasing the dependency on glasses and contacts. It has been proven successful in reducing myopia (nearsightness), astigmatism (elongated corneas), hyperopia (farsightedness) and many other problems caused by refractive errors.

The medicine comprises four types of refractive eye surgery procedures: corneal incision procedures; flap and photoablation procedures; implants and thermal procedures. Nowadays the modern technology allows the doctors to use the laser to reshape the cornea.

During a flap procedure, the surgeon cuts a tiny flap in the cornea to reshape the tissue underneath and correct the refractive error.

Lasik (Laser Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis) is very popular in the field of refractive surgery and can correct astigmatism, hyperopia and myopia. At first the surgeon uses a IntraLase or a microkeratome to move a flap out of the stroma. Next, he uses an excimer laser to remove excess corneal tissue and only after that he replaces the flap.

The best candidates for Lasik are the people with flat or thin corneas. A small trephine blade cuts into the epithelium while a mild alcohol solution will smoothen its edges. Excess corneal tissue is removed with an excimer laser and in the end the flap is replaced.

Just like LASEK, the Epi-LASIK cuts the epithelium but epikeratome is used as a replacement for alcohol and blade.

The second stage in flap procedures is photoablation because it removes excess corneal tissue with ultraviolet radiation. The original laser eye surgery procedure was PRK (photorefractive keratectomy).

This intervention used local aesthetic eye drops to numb the eye followed by the reshaping of the cornea. The excimer laser is an ultraviolet beam of light controlled by the computer that won´t cause any damage to the tissue around the eyes.

Arcuate keratotomy and radial keratotomy are two corneal incision procedures that alter the surface of the cornea to correct refractive errors. Radial keratotomy (RK) makes a few spoke-shaped incisions in the cornea with a diamond knife and by doing that it can treat myopia. Arcuate keratotomy is pretty much the same except that the diamond knife cuts parallel incisions to the edge of the cornea.

Farsightedness or temporarily hyperopic refractive errors can be corrected with heat thanks to thermal procedures. During the thermal keratoplasty procedure, the surgeon puts a ring of 8 or 16 small burns around the pupil. The heat causes contractions and makes the cornea steeper.

Thermal keratoplasty comprises Laser Thermal Keratoplasty (LTK) with holmium laser and Conductive Keratoplasty (CK) with high-frequency electric probes.

Last but not least, we have the implants. Thanks to implantable contact lenses (ICL) inserted in the cornea through small incisions, many patients suffering from astigmatism, hyperopia and myopia were cured. ICL sit behind the cornea refocusing the light and offering a natural image.

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